GPS

GPS-based protocol for tracking individual external training load and movement metrics.

Objectives of GPS Use

• Quantify external training load
• Evaluate distances and speeds by zones
• Analyze high-intensity efforts (HIA, sprints)
• Optimize programming and recovery
• Prevent overtraining and injuries

Key Measured Variables

• Total Distance (DT) DI = ∑n di
• ⚡ High-Intensity Distance (DHI) DHI =∑v>v di
• Number of Sprints (NS) NS=nbredesegmentsoùv>Vsprintpendantt>tmin
• ⚙️ Accelerations / Decelerations (Acc / Dec) A=Δv, avec|A|>Aseuil
• PlayerLoad™ PL=√(ax)2+(ay)2+(az)2
• Intensity Exposure (EI) ET =DHItotale ×100
• External Workload (CLE) CLE=Dtotale+α⋅NS+β⋅Acc+γ⋅Dec

Speed Zones

Zone	Intensity	% VMA	Speed (km/h)
Z1	Walking / Jogging	0–50%	< 9 km/h
Z2	Moderate running	50–75%	9–13.5 km/h
Z3	Sustained running	75–90%	13.5–16.2 km/h
Z4	High intensity	90–100%	16.2–18 km/h
Z5	Sprinting	>100%	>18 km/h

Advanced Indicators

• Locomotor Explosiveness (EL)
• Intensity Variability (VI)
• High-Intensity Effort Repetition Index (REHI)
• Time in each Zone
• Comparison with Match Data

Correlations with Internal Load

External Load	Correlated with...
Distance > 20 km/h	Heart rate
Number of sprints	RPE, blood lactate
Player Load	CMJ, neuromuscular test
Acc / Dec	DOMS, TMG

Typical Periodization (Football / Soccer Example)

Day	Objective	Targeted GPS Indicators
MD-4	Technical volume	D totale, Acc/Dec faibles
MD-3	Threshold intensity	DHI, zones 4 & 5
MD-2	Specific sprint	Sprints, Vmax, REHI
MD-1	Activation / recovery	D légère, Z1-Z2
MD	Match	Performance reference

Conclusion

GPS is an indispensable tool for monitoring and optimizing performance. It provides a comprehensive and precise overview of external load, which is essential for tailored planning, smart recovery, and effective injury prevention.